Thursday, September 3, 2020
Saint Bernadette Soubirous :: essays research papers
Holy person Bernadette Soubirous The Soubirous family lived in the most distant north of the little town of Lourdes, in the Lapaca area. An enormous stream streamed there, and on this stream there were seven plants; one of them known as the Boly Mill, and this had been the home of the Soubirous. Francois Soubirous rented the plant from family members of his better half, Louise. From various perspectives, it was the exchange of the mill operator that had brought the couple together. They had hitched on the area church on ninth January 1843. By 1855, the family pay had diminished definitely - exchange was bad at the plant, furthermore, the Soubirous were not the best of businessmen; regularly loaded up with feel sorry for for the poor of the neighborhood individuals, they would advise their clients to pay when they had the option to, and they never denied credit. What's more, obviously there was the family to raise, which further depleted their assets. Done having the option to pay for the lease of the factory, the Soubirous had to stop their homes, surrender the mill operators exchange and take on whatever work they could discover for themselves. Francois Soubirous reviewed that another relative possessed a structure in the Rue des Petits Fossã ©s - this structure was the previous Lourdes prison. The old prison was privately known as "the Cachot". The Soubirous were permitted to remain there lease free. Each night, the family assembled around the old chimney for family petitions. This closed with the recitation of the Rosary - regularly drove by one of the Soubirous young ladies, Bernadette. BERNADETTE The marriage of Francois Soubirous and Louise Casterot created six youngsters. The oldest of these was Bernadette. She was conceived on seventh January 1844, and was purified through water the following day by Abbã © Forgues in the old area church, being given the name of Marie Bernarde. As a result of her little height, she was constantly alluded to by the little type of the name, Bernadette. A half year later, Louise was anticipating a kid; along these lines, Bernadette was depended to the consideration of a lady in close by Bartres, Marie Aravant, who had recently lost a child kid. She remained there for 15 months. From her introduction to the world, Bernadette was a powerless kid, experiencing and still, at the end of the day the asthma which would cause her so much enduring that afterward, in the religious community, she would ask the medical caretakers to tear open her chest so that she may relax. In view of her sensitive constitution, her folks would endeavor to give her small amounts of food not accessible to different youngsters, for example, white bread rather than dark.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
6 remote entry level jobs that are hiring today
6 remote passage level employments that are recruiting today Getting the chance to telecommute used to be an extravagance stood to just certain specialists in specific fields, however innovation has made it feasible for a wide assortment of individuals to check in from the solace of the work areas in their own special front rooms. Truth be told, as per an ongoing Gallup survey, 43% of representatives work remotely in some cases. The capacity to work remotely can be an immense advantage you get a good deal on thing like driving costs, a work closet, and even espresso and lunch, which you would now be able to make in the solace of your own home. Recruiting telecommuters has gotten increasingly mainstream as of late, however there are sure fields that are especially liable to employ laborers for remote passage level occupations. Here are only a couple. Partner account managerAssociate account directors deal with the fundamental activities of an organization and regularly fill in as contacts between various divisions an occupation perfect for tele commuting if tasks happen in various pieces of the nation. While involvement with deals or promoting is some of the time required, partner account overseeing may likewise be a section level job.Copy editorWriting and altering employments have for some time been famous among remote workers, and with all the substance that gets produced throughout the day, consistently as news creates, editors are especially sought after this moment. Theyââ¬â¢re the people who guarantee that the words we read on business destinations and web journals are solid, syntactically right, and compact. There are many duplicate altering occupations at the passage level at the present time, and working from home is an exceptionally basic perk.Operations coordinatorIf youââ¬â¢re more the administration type than the scholar, think about finding a situation as a tasks organizer. This activity includes managing colleagues and taking care of charging, solicitations, and finance for all the groups in an associ ation. Like with a record administrator gig, you donââ¬â¢t should be in a physical office to carry out the responsibility particularly if the organization has numerous locations.TranslatorIf youââ¬â¢re conversant in more than one language, you can utilize your aptitudes from the solace of your own home over a wide assortment of enterprises. On the off chance that you have a heavenly tender loving care and an extraordinary order of sentence structure, style, and slang in both of your communicated in dialects, interpretation is an incredible chance to utilize your aptitudes and fit in chip away at your own schedule.Roadside help application representativeIf your vehicle has ever stalled and youââ¬â¢ve utilized your telephone to get to an emergency aides application to get going again, youââ¬â¢ve depended on the graciousness and abilities of an individual on the opposite stopping point to get you out of your predicament. Emergency aides application agents are expected to de al with the in the background work that takes care of business utilizing relationship building abilities and PC aptitudes to get individuals out and about once more. Unexpectedly, travel is frequently not a necessity for these jobs.Sales representativeSales delegates elevate items to clients on the telephone and on the web, so very little in excess of a telephone and a PC are expected to carry out this responsibility. In the event that youââ¬â¢re an expert with your PC and love conversing with individuals throughout the day, this might be the remote passage level employment for you. Salespeople who love what they sell are the best at their occupations, so on the off chance that you have an energy for an item, this is additionally the gig for you.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Reading paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Understanding paper - Essay Example Be that as it may, most ladies think that its difficult to get thinner, and on the off chance that they lose the weight, they discover it amazingly difficult to keep up a low weight. Poor taking care of propensities essentially causes this. Be that as it may, this likewise applies to men. Most men battle to hold their weight under check while expecting to be increasingly manly. In any case, a few men think that its open to having a lot of weight and partner weight with riches. This is for the most part in social orders where most well off individuals will in general be large contrasted with the destitute individuals. Weight is likewise associated with wellbeing with individuals with much weight being viewed as undesirable. A lot of weight is undesirable and ought to be maintained a strategic distance from at all expense. Stoutness, which is an instance of an excessive amount of weight, causes the influenced to feel strange and brings down their confidence. Youngsters also are influen ced by weight issues. Guardians have a duty to guarantee that their kids are of the proper load by checking their weight control plans. In any case, the vast majority battle with weight issues, particularly the youngsters in light of the present dietary patterns. A great many people feed on inexpensive food and this is prove by the quantity of individuals in a cheap food lodging whenever in towns. The present working patterns advance the undesirable eating regimens since individuals have constrained time to plan dinners. During ends of the week and occasions, there are individuals who party more often than not and devour a lot of undesirable food. This also advances weight gain. The issue of weight reduction is influencing a high extent of the worldââ¬â¢s populace, individuals are searching for routes out to lessen and look after weight. This makes such an article critical to peruse and put on more data about weight reduction, since it influences grown-up people, yet in addition youngsters. Consistently, individuals are keeping watch for better approaches to build fat consuming and diminish weight. The expanded worry on weight and the quest for weight reduction strategies have pulled to my advantage and caused me to pick this
Sunday, June 7, 2020
Donââ¬â¢t Be Cruel, Elvis Presley (1956) Research Assignment - 825 Words
Don't Be Cruel, Elvis Presley (1956) Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Professor:Course:Date:Dont Be Cruel, Elvis Presley (1956)Some of the music that one has never heard before is very appealing once one listen to them. Dont Be Cruel by Elvis Presley (1956) is a very appealing song especially to two people in love (Presley 1). The song makes one think about his or her relationship deeply with the intention of identifying where one may have went astray. The primary message that is passed by the song is for one to avoid being cruel to a heart that is true. Being true does not mean being right always. But sometimes one does something that does not please their love who Presley called Baby.Ã But one should learn to forgive and forget so that love relationship can continue being healthy.The kind of clothing during the time of the song Dont Be Cruel was very impressive. The men in the song including Presley himself was wearing a suit. During that time wearing a suit was very formal and depicted that the individual respected what they did. Presley in a suit look very fantastic and even when singing about love one can see that he was seriously meaning whatever words he uttered. In the original version, Presley wore a black suit with a tie as he held his guitar singing his solo. He wears a pair of white shoes that made his appearance awesome in the song with his black suit. That is not the kind of wearing we see with the artist of today.The music by Presley is about love. Presley put it clear that sometimes he did mad things that might make his lover doubt him. But that does not mean that he does not love her. All he wanted is an assurance that she will always be there, and he will always be there for her. Hence, with the kind of clothing and hairstyle depicted they fit that song. Presley maintained short hair that was always done and looked impressive. That hairstyle with a suit means that he was very serious with whatever he was doing. The combination the hairstyle and a suit brings out a mature and responsible m an. This may touch the heart of her lover who may take the message from the song as being serious.Dont Be Cruel and the war music has some similarities. The bad things that Presley talks about may include fighting between two lovers. His song shows that fighting may result in an end of the relationship. That is why he justify his mad doings as not lack of love, but he need his love every time of the day for his lifetime. War music shows that war results in enmity and death. They try to warn the people to avoid war by giving experiences of the war that has been fought and their consequences. This makes people fear war and maintains peace. As Presley want to keep his love.Nuestro Himno is not a political statement, but it is a Spanish translation of the United States national anthem. As far as the national anthem may be seen as political based, they are not. The national anthem gives an analysis of what it cost for the nation to obtain freedom. Some people died while fighting for thei r country and others were crippled. Other people lost their loved ones. But Nuestro Himno honors those who sacrificed their life or anything else for the purpose of attaining freedom in their country. It reminds the generations to come that there were some important people who fought to achieve the freedom they are enjoying today. But does not implicate that it is a political statement.It is true that most songs define the generation of the people. The song that can be used to define our generation is C.R.E.A.M. by Wu-Tang Clan. C.R.E.A.M. is mainly an abbreviation of cash rules everything around me. With the current generation, money is everything, and one values money m...
Sunday, May 17, 2020
ââ¬ÅDemocracy Is Popularly Conceived As Government Of The
ââ¬Å"Democracy is popularly conceived as government of the people, for the people and by the peopleâ⬠(Hassan, 2003). The term is used to describe a political process by which all citizens and the nation have a direct involvement in the creation of running a country and creating the policies within it. Evidently it can be argued that political apathy is a serious threat to democracy directly. Contradictory to this representative democracy selects applicable individuals to allow them to be a voice for society as opposed to citizen participation. The illogicality that its dependent on political participation to maintain a sense of legitimacy is correct, yet it is largely reliant on apathy to be its cause. There are several forms of politicalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Liberal democracies majority from the Western World which are established, have identified a series of patterns where there is an exponential decrease within the participation during the electoral turnout ever s ince the mid twentieth century. For example, Hay (2007), claims that for a state to maintain a level of legitimacy it must include participation to some extent. This is since levels are declining by such a rapid amount that its adequate to cause a sign of concern. A small percentage of electoral turnouts from this considerably small population have raised concerns for the assistance of a democracy with many examples both past and present. Although this may bring alerts, there is also a lot more to a democracy than the number of voters and the turnout. Nigeria for example is a poorly governed democracy whereby the government rule in a carefree and bad manner not improving the motivation within the citizens thereby making people less likely to participate in political activities. Apathy is seen as a stabilising force perhaps indicating trust in the system or plain disinterest in politics. (Blaug and Schwarzmantel, 2016). This depicts the government as a threat rather than an apathetic society, where people choose to remain apathetic rather than encourage a corrupt system or a corrupt government.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Social Political Thought1357 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe Swahili word for extended family or ââ¬ËFamily hoodââ¬â¢, which was first articulated by Nyerere at Arusha popularly termed as ââ¬ËThe Declaration of Arushaââ¬â¢ on the 5th of February,1967.Here the term socialism was taken to mean basically ââ¬Ëan attitude of mindââ¬â¢. To him Ujamaa was an expression of the natural African condition and that Africans need not be converted to socialism than we were taught democracy. He believed that Ujamaa was the natural path for the emancipated new African state to follow, a pathRead MorePolitical Stability in New Democracies: Presidentialism or Parliamentarism?2445 Words à |à 10 PagesQuestion For new democracies in the developing world, which systemââ¬âpresidentialism or parliamentarismââ¬â is more likely to ensure political stability? Why? And do we have a universal answer for all countries? Presidentialism and Parliamentarism are two of the most commonly practised political systems in modern politics, whether they be existing in pure forms or hybrid forms. Amongst the two, which system is more conducive to the maintenance of political stability, particularly in newly democratizedRead MoreShould Voting Be Compulsory For Uk General Elections?2893 Words à |à 12 PagesHowever it did not progress beyond its first reading. Yet the question has not died out and whether the UK should follow the likes of Australia and Belgium still remains a hotly debated issue. The UK prides itself in being a leading force for democracy worldwide. It is thought to have become truly democratic in 1918 with the passing of the Representation of the Peoples Act whereby universal suffrage was cemented in statute law. In the election afterwards in 1922, participation soared to over 70%Read MoreMonetary Policy And Balance Of Payment Crisis Of Argentina1859 Words à |à 8 Pagesto accommodate the government s budget, or from a crisis of balance of payments. A balance of payment crisis originates ââ¬Å"in either a sudden fall in the terms of trade or a halt of capital inflows, generat[ing] an immediate jump in the inflation rateâ⬠(Cardoso, 1992). As inflation accelerates, political pressure to reduce inflation builds, leading to an eventual monetary reform. These reforms include the introduction of a new currency and promises on the part of the government and the central bankRead MoreWorkers Participation in Management15351 Words à |à 62 Pagesexpress the ir views and to influence the decision processes of the government. The concept of political democracy gave further impetus to the concepts of economic and industrial democracy. In fact, several socialist thinkers advocated the political democracy could not survive or become effective unless economic and industrial democracy were also achieved. They advocated that just as people have the right to choose their government, the workers too should have the right to influence the managerialRead MoreThe Effects of Rh Bill to the Society4383 Words à |à 18 PagesThatââ¬â¢s why Reproductive Health Bill or RH Bill was created. As cited in the blog posted about the RH BILL by mhlannie. ââ¬Å"What is RH BILL is All Aboutâ⬠at mhlannie-whatisrhbillisallabout.blogspot, Jun 21, 2011: ââ¬Å"Theà Reproductive Health bills, or popularly known asà à RH bill, areà Philippineà Billsà aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information onà birth controlà and maternal care.à It is a way of helping people to be more advance, well prepared, and to widen up each and every individualsRead MoreThe Contributions Of John Rawls Essay5959 Words à |à 24 Pagesdecided from behind a veil of ignorance. When the people are ignorant about their own abilities and qualities, it leads to the choosing of principles of justice which are fair to all. If a person doesnââ¬â¢t know what will be his/her future in his own conceived society, he will not privilege any one class but rather develop principles which are fair and just as well as benefit the least advantaged . If no person knows any facts about themselves, then they cannot exploit the disadvantages of others for theirRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Organizational Culture and Leadership5118 Words à |à 2 1 Pages(Special) offered by the University of Sri Jayewardenepura. As per the guidelines given, this report consists of two parts. Part I discusses the cultural aspects evident in a known business organization, the Imperial College of Business, most popularly referred to as ICBS among the present and past students engaged in the examinations offered by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA). The background, nature and components/characteristics observed within ICBS which form its uniqueRead More The Womanââ¬â¢s Christian Temperance Union and the Creation of a Politicized Female Reform Culture, 1880-1884.5069 Words à |à 21 Pagesvotes.â⬠It fought to bring true democracy to America by advocating the full enfranchisement of women. And in doing all this, Willard declared, it became the true embodiment of political party: ââ¬Å"the mould into which God pours the principles that are to bless humanity.â⬠Thus, in Willardââ¬â¢s construction, partisan wrangling for constituents and elective offices became an epic ba ttle between the servants of Cerberus and the mould of God for the preservation of democracy and the home. By infusingRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words à |à 163 PagesSECURITY AFFAIRS: In repealing the war powers resloution, Robert F. Turner 91 U.N. RESOLUTION 1441: 8 NOVEMBER 2002 96 MYTHS AND REALITIES IN THE VIETNAM DEBATE, Robert F. Turner 97 JNM: Morality and the Rule of Law in the Foreign Policy of the Democracies 100 Notes on DA Koplow: assignment 12 104 CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE ROLE OF LAW (Tipson) Goal Clarification: What is National Security? -National Security - Possible Definitions
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Significance Of Brand Identity For Company Success Book Report/Review
Essays on The Significance Of Brand Identity For Company Success Book Report/Review ï » ¿The Significance Of Brand Identity For Company Success Alina Wheelerââ¬â¢s Book, talks about branding identities. Branding is an oft confused word with corporate identity and corporate image. The meanings of both these words are remarkably different. Corporate identity refers to logo creation, the companyââ¬â¢s name, tag, the visual expression and it gives and the looks it depicts. Corporate image on the other hand, is what the public perceives of the company. If the perceived image is what the company wants it to be like it or not. Thus, corporate branding is an entire process. It has to be planned, strategized and aligned with the goals of the organization. Wheeler also highlited brand identity and the process involved in her book. Brand identity is essentially the visual expression of a brand which is communicated to the world outside. It includes the corporate name, its logotype or mark, the communications and visual appearance. It is important for the brand identity of a brand to be strong. This because the brand plays an important role in establishing an emotional connection with the consumer and reflects the brand position and the desired image. (Wheeler n.d.) The brand identity creation process is a five stage process as explained in the book. It comprises of the following steps: 1. Conducting research 2. Clarifying strategy 3. Designing identity 4. Creating touch points, and 5. Managing assets. The entire process begins with an analysis of the business needs and ends with the application of the brand identity to different pieces of marketing communication. Step 1 revolves around market research and analysis. In this a document is made which takes into account the marketing situation. Step 2 builds on the marketing strategy behind the brand identity development. Steps 3-6 Is where the creative work is done and it involves exploring and working on the logo mark and logotype. The Process Phases and Deliverables: 1. Conducting Research: In the first step, the details of the project are thrown into perspective. All the minute details regarding the project are learnt in this step. All the current information as well as that information which is needed to bring the branding elements forward is brought to light. The vision for the project is clarified and so are the strategies and goals established. The needs and perceptions of various stake holders are critiqued and analyzed. Different types of audits are conducted in this phase. These include the technology, legal and language audits. Existing brands, their profitability and curativeness along with the brand architecture is evaluated here. 2. Clarifying Strategy: Clarifying strategy is the second phase and in this phase whatever has been learned is eventually synthesized and a strategic plan is formulated. The brand strategize is clarified here and a positioning platform is developed. The brand attributes are co-created, a brand brief is written and so is a creative brief written. 3. Designing Identity: In this third phase, the future is visualized. Everything is done in accordance with expected future trends. Any ideas are brain stormed and the best ones filtered out. A design for brand identity is created, various applications are explored and brand architecture is also finalized here. A visual strategy is present and an agreement point achieved. 4. Creating Touch points: The design decided upon in third stage is finalized in this stage. Trade protection is initiated and prioritization of design applications is done. The brand architecture is finally applied in this stage. 5. Managing Assets A synergy revolving around the brand is built in this phase. The launch strategy and plan is also developed. It is an accepted practice to launch internally first and then go for an external launch. Any standards and guidelines are developed in this phase. Book 2: What Kids Buy and Why Dancuff in this book of his discusses the Product Leverage Matrix. This tool projects the big picture to us and gives us an idea of all the things we need to be aware and to be informed of, in order to integrate all aspects of a product or program. Leverage denotes power. This means that the character, the product and the program not only attracts the attention of the targeted child consumer but also meets his needs at a certain level. It is important to provide that this power associated with each program varies substantially for every product. The product leverage matrix is an important tool for getting down to where exactly the power is coming from and is a comprehensive model that determines the analysis of an existing product or program and for the development of a new one. (Cuff 1998) The variables as explained by Dancuff of a Product Leverage Matrix are as following: 1. Medium/ Products: What is the product category? Is it software, is it a book, is it a TV show, and is it a food outlet? How is product packaging being taken care of? 2. Concept: What is the concept of the product. Around what ideology does the product revolve. 3. Point of View: What would be the psychological perception that the product would create. What is the opinion like out there regarding it. Is it anti social? Is it social?Is it fun frolic filled. What exactly is the message being relayed through the product. Moreover, how will the product impact the companyââ¬â¢s image. Will it trigger a good word of mouth, would be indifferent or would it strike negative publicity for it. 4. Content: What is the verbal and visual content of the program? How will it be relayed to the consumer? How will it be manifested into its verbal and visual forms eventually? 5. Context: Context is the geographical setting of the product and the time frame in which product is set. What are the surroundings of the product like? What is the social environment like? What are the competitors products like? What position do they command in the market? What areas have been left untapped by them? Thus it is about what is competing environment or the context of the product. (Cuff 1998) 6) Process: How does the program/flow works. What is the process like? 7) Character(s)/Personality: What fantasy based characters have been incorporated in the program? Are there any archetypes. 8) Attitude/Style: What is their attitude and style like? How should they be depicted? TOP OF MATRIX - Essence: What is the central essence of the brand? What is it depicting? - Point of Difference: What is our edge in the brand against competitor? What is that one different thing that will make the brand stand out? - Promise: What promise are we making to the customer? Are we delivering the promise? - Competition: What is the competition like out there? How many competitors are there? - Positioning: How has the brand been positioned in the minds of the consumer. THE BIG PICTURE The Center of the Matrix - Age: What is the target age of our brand? - Gender: What gender are we targeting? Is it just male or female or is it both. - Stage: What stage of development is the target child in? What is his age bracket? - Structure: What is the structure of the brain of the target audience like? Are they in their development phase or have they developed logical and reasoning skills. - Dimension: A childââ¬â¢s life can take place in a myriad of dimensions. The child can experience her life in various ways. It can be physically, emotionally, socially and even morally. - Style: What is the learning style of the child? Is it visual? Is it cue based? THE NEEDS AND WANTS OF THE TARGET CHILD A product is successful if it is able to satiate either the long term or the short term needs of a child. This has to be understood. For instance before the age of 6 children are more keen on accumulating toys and stuff, but after the age of 6, they become more keen on cumulating things. They start paying more attention to the details, become pro at comparisons. Thus, it is important that whatever product is made, keeps into perspective these details of a childââ¬â¢s development stage. In the Ages 8 through 12 part of the paper, Cuff discusses the neocortical developmental focus which has critical implication on product and program development alongside the ways in which they should be marketed and advertised to kids in the age bracket of 8 to 12. At this point, the child is no longer a fantasy oriented child. He is developing fast and has started developing reasoning skills and has now opened up more to brain oriented activities. So any marketing drive, as Cuff points has to be designed keeping this in perspective. Bibliography Cuff, Dan. What Kids Buy and Why. Simon and Schuster, 1998. Wheeler, Alina. Designing Brand Identity.
Managing Human Resources Employers
Question: Discuss about theManaging Human Resources for Employers. Answer: Introduction The report essentially tends to evaluate the practice of the employers and the business managers in using the social networking mediums for gaining access to personal information about the recruits and also other employees operating in the business institution. The employers tend to evaluate the comments generated by the employees on their social networking pages and also studies the interactions made by the employees with their colleagues and friends where they have generated comments about the company. Employers and managers based on the above information tend to take decisions regarding recruitment, retention and retrenchment of employees. The report focuses on evaluating the above practices of employers and managers based on the use of ethical and stakeholder theories and other empirical human resources management models. Use of Ethical and Stakeholder Theories Utilitarian Ethical Theory From the point of view of Utilitarian Theory of Ethics the use of social media networking platforms by the employers for gaining confidential information about the employees contributes in generating potential benefits to the business institutions. The same is reflected as follows. Cost-Effective Medium The social media networking mediums contribute in generating cheaper platforms for generation of recruitment related advertisements by the business institutions. Similarly, the social media platforms also contribute in helping the business managers and employers conduct secondary or cross checks of the individuals that are focused on being recruited in the organisation. The above activity would help the employers in checking the authenticity of the recruits and the information furnished on the resume. Similarly, it also helps the company managers and employers to potentially evaluate whether the applicant would be able to match the cultural parameters of the business institution (Brunori, Malandrin, Rossi, 2012). Generation of Realistic Expectations The social media networking tools act as effective mediums that encourage both the employees and the employers to gain realistic information in a mutual fashion. The same contributes in helping the employees understand the expectations and cultures of the firms while the company gains the potential in evaluating the potential of the individual employee to match the expectations of the different job roles in the business institution (Zafar Lodhi, 2015). Development of Brand Building Opportunities for Employer Social media networking tools also contribute in serving as effective word-of-mouth communication and brand building tools for the employer. The individuals having Facebook accounts tend to share advertisements generated by the business institutions regarding vacancies. The sharing of such vacancy related advertisements and posts by individuals further contribute in helping the company gain an effective pool of manpower resources from the larger market and also build up needed awareness regarding vacancy positions available to the company (Lauer Cohenour, 2014). Deontological Theory of Ethics However, from the point of view of Kantian Ethical Theory or from the viewpoint of Deontological Ethics the practice of the employers and managers for searching private and personal information of the employees from their social media networking pages is considered illegal and immoral in nature. The employers and managers are required to abstain from the practices concerning coercive means for gaining personal information about the employees and thereby in taking decisions concerning recruiting and retaining employees (Zhang, 2015). Stakeholder Theory Instrumental Stakeholder Theory The instrumental stakeholder theory ideally requires the business institutions for engaging the different stakeholders regarding the generation of salient information concerning generation of vacancies and also other information associated with changes in organisational and human resources policies. The involvement of potential stakeholders regarding the generation of effective information potentially contributes in encouraging needed support(Gonzalez-Padron, 2016). Normative Stakeholder Theory The normative stakeholder theory ideally requires the managers and employers to work in an ethical fashion such that they are required to abstain from gaining personal information about the employees from different social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter without generating prior information to the concerned parties. The use of the personal information concerning the employees without informing them for taking of recruitment and retention decisions tends to potentially affect the privacy of the concerned parties (Bowen, 2013). Right of Employers in Gleaning Information Some critics argue that employers do have rights in gaining access to private information about their employees based on using the social media networking tools like Facebook and Twitter. However, some argue that employers do gain rights in retrieving personal information about the employees and staffs from the social media networking platforms only in the case of an effective breach of contractual agreement or in cases of severe issues affecting the goodwill of the firm. Employers focusing on accessing potential information about their employees from the social media platforms are required to effectively inform the employees such that the same contributes in meeting the transparency and ethical objectives of the organisation(Johnson, 2014). The employers and business managers can essentially focus on discouraging the use of social media by employees and staffs within the working hours based on the incorporation of effective monitoring standards. The employers and business managers t hus gain rights for monitoring the activities of employees in the social media network platforms within the working hours. Certain cases have been highlighted from time to time where the employers and managers tend to view and monitor the postings and comments generated by the staffs beyond the working hours. The posts generated by employees in the social networking platforms rebuking or criticising their employers or managers are observed to potentially affect their careers and scope of tenure within the organisation (Yang Jiang, 2014). Employers and managers that came through such posts generated by the employees in the social media platforms had taken resort of the employment law for suing the staffs. The same requires the managers and employers of the business institutions for effectively informing the staffs and employees regarding right kind of conducts along the social networking platforms. The Privacy Act of Australia requires the employers to furnish needed information to the employees and staffs suggesting the rationale for which they have accessed the personal social networking platforms of the staffs. Further, the different types of information gathered by the employers from the social networking pages of the employees are required to be ideally discussed with the concerned employees for reducing the chances of future conflicts (Angle Slote, 2013). The employers and managers are also required by the law for not suggesting friends to the employees and staffs to be added in their social networking pages. Similarly, the employers focusing on gaining needed information about their employees from the social networking platforms are also required to inform the staffs about other people that would be able to see the same. Thus, it is needed by the employers and managers to act in a transparent fashion and also generate considerable awareness regarding the information retrieved from the social media networking pages of the employees (Athanassoulis, 2013) . Use of Social Networking Sites in a Win-Win Fashion Pluralism and Unitarism The mode of usage of the social networking sites by the employees for interacting in a mutual fashion with friends, colleagues and peers can be converted in a win-win situation by the employers in terms of operating based on the Pluralism aspect. The Unitarism aspect in human resources management requires both the employees and the management to see each other in a unified fashion blended for meeting the objectives of the organisation (Calkins, 2014). The Unitarism aspect thereby requires the managers and employees to follow a single agenda. The managers operating based on a Pluralist policy however honour the different needs and demands of employees. The Pluralists however require that some standards or conducts are needed to be followed by both the managers and employees for the interest and betterment of the organisation. The Pluralists also opine that the powers or authority for voicing and opining are required to be shared in an effective fashion rather than to be concentrated i n the hands of few (Austin, 2013). The above discussion associated with Pluralism and Unitarism can be potentially applied to the case such that the institutional managers based on the aspect of Pluralism firstly need to understand and respect the views and perceptions of the different employees regarding organisational policies and conducts. Secondly, the managers are required to effectively compromise with the employees based on the introduction of such regulations and standards that would encourage them to work mutually for the betterment of the firm (Wheeler, 2013). The managers thus need to make the employees understand the problems regarding their commenting about the organisation, managers and workplaces in social networking mediums like Facebook that can be viewed easily by the public. The generation of needed awareness and understanding would help in easily restraining the people from generating opinions regarding the activities and policies of the organisation (Angle Slote, 2013). Strategic HRM The organisational managers and the employers are required to influence the social networking activity of the employees through the mode of operating based on the tenets of strategic human resources management. The managers are required to focus on the development of mission and vision objectives and statements that would help in developing an enhancing a sense of mutual trust and confidence between different parties in the organisation (Russell, 2013). Further, development of organisational values and cultures enhancing the sharing of information and informal communication practices increasingly contribute in shaping and governing the activities of the employees regarding opining about their managers and the organisational rules and conducts. Generation of incentives related to their performances in meeting of business, customer servicing and organisational objectives further boosts the confidence and loyalty of the organisational members (Frding, 2012). Relational Psychological Contracts Psychological contracts both relational and transactional are operational at the workplace such that the employees that are governed by transactional motives are essentially motivated in fulfilling the objectives of the roles and tasks assigned to them. On the contrary, the employees influenced by relational psychological contracts are essentially influenced by emotions, feelings, sentiments and perceptions they tend to share among others and also for the larger organisation. The employees that are observed to be influenced by psychological contracts tend to protest against the organisational policies requiring them to work for extra hours and also regarding the managerial and employer conducts (Russell, 2013). These employees seek social media platforms like Facebook for openly protesting and opining against the organisational rules and conducts and enjoy discussing the same with their friends and colleagues. The organisational managers and employers are thus required to consult wit h the employees influenced by relational psychological contracts such that the same helps in optimising on their levels of affective commitment in meeting the goals of the organisation with due passion (Boje, 2015). High Commitment HRM In terms of practicing high commitment human resources management the organisational members are required to potentially focus on encouraging increased employee participation and involvement in the organisation. The managers are required to potentially focus on sharing of potential information concerning changes in rules and conducts and also business practices and mission and vision philosophy with the employees (Herring, 2013). Further, the organisational managers are required to continually encourage the employees for generation of their individual and group decisions regarding fulfilment of business and organisational objectives. The above practice would potentially contribute in enhancing the loyalty and commitment of the organisational members and also restrain them from generation of protests regarding decisions taken by the managers and employers. The same would thus reduce the practices of employees in generating negative opinions and protests on social networking sites (Joh nstone, 2015). Human Capital The organisational managers and employers are required to treat the human resources as effective or potential manpower capital which acts as life blood for the business institution. The employers and business managers are required to effectively understand the needs and expectations of its employee groups and thus generate considerable investment for helping in the rendering of training and enhancement of knowhow of the employees (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). Further, the understanding of employees as human capital for the firm also requires the employer and the manager to enhance the level of transparency in the institution such that the same helps in taking decisions in a concerted fashion and reduces restraints. The human resources practices of the organisation are required to be developed for helping the employees earn the benefit of work-life balance policies introduced in the organisation. Further, the employers and managers are required the employees to understand the career g rowth in the organisation which in turn enhances their commitment and performance level of the employees (Morris, 2015). Knowledge Management The employers and organisational managers are also required to potentially focus on the incorporation of the social media platforms like Facebook and also different blogs for sharing of effective knowledge resources between the organisational members working both with regional and overseas frontiers (Peterson, 2013). The use of social media platforms for dissemination of information and knowledge resources to organisational members along different levels and units both operating within domestic and international frontiers also contributes in potentially interacting with the people for understanding their views and feedbacks. The above practice would thereby help in cultivating a win-win framework regarding the usage of social media networking tools by employees for interacting with their peers, colleagues and senior managers for gaining of needed knowledge inputs and information (Suikkanen, 2014). Conclusions The analysis carried out in the report potentially evaluates that the practices of the employers and managers regarding gaining of private and confidential information of employees from their personal Facebook accounts is not ethical in nature. The same tends to potentially affect the privacy of the employees. Facebook is however identified as an effective medium that is used by the employers for not only advertising their vacancies but also in evaluating the culture fit of the employees with the organisational and workplace culture. Similarly, the social media networking platforms ideally help the business institution in not only enhancing their level of transparency concerning the publishing of effective information but also in dissemination of knowledge resources to the different employees in the organisation. The practice of gaining private information about the employees by the employers from the social networking platforms are also observed to be increasingly restrained based o n the use of laws like the Privacy Act in Australia. References Angle, S., Slote, M. (2013). Virtue Ethics and Confucianism. New York : Routledge . Athanassoulis, N. (2013). Virtue Ethics. United States : AC Black. Austin, M. (2013). Virtues in Action: New Essays in Applied Virtue Ethics. United Kingdom : Springer. Boje, D. M. (2015). Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. New York : Routledge . Bowen, S. A. (2013). Using Classic Social Media Cases to Distill Ethical Guidelines for Digital Engagement. Journal of Mass Media Ethics , 119133. Brunori, G., Malandrin, V., Rossi, A. (2012). Trade-off or convergence? The role of food security in the evolution of food discourse in Italy. Journal of Rural Studies , 1-11. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing. United States: Cengage Learning. Calkins, M. (2014). Developing a Virtue-Imbued Casuistry for Business Ethics. United Kingdom : Springer Science Business Media. Frding, B. (2012). Virtue Ethics and Human Enhancement. United Kingdom : Springer Science Business Media. Gonzalez-Padron, T. L. (2016). Ethics in the Supply Chain: Follow-Up Processes to Audit Results . Journal of Marketing Channels , 22-33. Herring, J. (2013). QA Medical Law 2013-2014. New York : Routledge . Johnson, B. (2014). Ethical issues in shadowing research. Qualitative Research in Organizations Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal , 9 (1), 21-40. Johnstone, M.-J. (2015). Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective. United Kingdom : Elsevier Health Sciences. Lauer, S., Cohenour, R. (2014). Responding to Increased Regulation of the Food Service Industry: A Practical Analysis of Supply Chain Solutions for Franchisors and Franchisees. Franchise Law Journal , 34 (2), 175-197. Morris, S. (2015). Science and the End of Ethics. United Kingdom : Springer. Peterson, M. (2013). The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Ethics, Equality and Risk. United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. Russell, D. C. (2013). The Cambridge Companion to Virtue Ethics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Suikkanen, J. (2014). This Is Ethics: An Introduction. United Kingdom : John Wiley Sons. Wheeler, H. (2013). Law, Ethics and Professional Issues for Nursing: A Reflective and Portfolio-Building Approach. New York : Routledge . Yang, Z., Jiang, L. (. (2014). Managing corporate crisis in China: Sentiment, reason, and law. Business Horizons , 1-9. Zafar, R., Lodhi, S. (2015). The Study Of Ethical Issues In Restaurant Of Karachi, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH , 4 (11), 370-374. Zhang, M. (2015). International Franchising: Food Safety and Vicarious Liability in China. Franchise Law Journal , 35 (1), 93-103.
Monday, April 20, 2020
Toxic Relationships Essay Example For Students
Toxic Relationships Essay Toxic relationships- ââ¬Å"She says ââ¬Ëjumpââ¬â¢, he asks ââ¬Ëhow high? ââ¬â¢. â⬠In 1997 Berkeley sociologist challenged the Freudian theory of masculinity development with the death of mothers, for a century western psychology, have urged men to reject their mothers in order to achieve manhood. Sigmund Freud the father of psychoanalysis insisted that the disassociation from the mother as a necessary step in the development of masculine identity. And for the first time, in a one of a kind anthology a sociologist from the university of California at Berkeley brought together a series of memoirs that call this well worn theory into question, titled ââ¬ËOur mothers ââ¬Ëspirits: On the death of mothers and the grief of menâ⬠, the book brought together 42 writers to explore the bond between mothers and sons. The essay includes writings by many well known male writers. We will write a custom essay on Toxic Relationships specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The purpose of this book was to expose the extent to which psychological and spiritual health in men, more so in later years of life, depending upon their ability to retrieve the love and close bonds the experienced and felt with their mother. Berkeley professor who has been teaching a course on men and masculinity in 1976, making him pretty much the go to man , in terms of ââ¬Ëmenââ¬â¢s life and masculinityââ¬â¢, he insists , ââ¬Å" men donââ¬â¢t have to psychologically separate from the mother to be masculine. Everyone must leave home and become their own person, but you donââ¬â¢t have to overreact and reject the motherâ⬠. A negative stereotype that has made way into our vocabulary is the term ââ¬Ëmamaââ¬â¢s boyââ¬â¢, this term not only targets men who maintain a close relationship with his mother but also men with dominant to slightly dominant feminine personalities. The theme that runs throughout the anthology is that the rejection of mothers is isolated to the Caucasian population, Asian and African descent men maintain close bonds but grow up to be effective men in the world. The men in the book spoke of yearning for a spiritual reunion with their mothers. What happens to men on the other side? The men who are overly dependent and cannot seem to find a balance? How does he manage his relationship with his wife and mother at the same time? The angst one man can go through to find the equilibrium affect many marital relationships. On asking a very close friend whose marriage fell apart due to this toxic dependency, responded ââ¬Å"are you talking about mothers that say ââ¬Å"jumpâ⬠, and sons who ask ââ¬Å"how high ? , asking her to go back and recollect how the dissolution of her marriage she states ââ¬Å"well its was always creepy when itââ¬â¢s just two of you in your new home and then every time the phone rings , he takes the phone to the other room, shuts the door and talks to her for 20 minutes and this is after talking like 20 times a day.. Makes you feel like he is cheating on you. itââ¬â¢s actually kinda like what a guy would do to hi de a secret affair, perverse as it may sound! â⬠Being in relationship for four years before they were married she says, ââ¬Å" there were hints that his behavior would get worse. Such as even though his mother owned and drove a car for many years, she would make him leave from their time together to go buy groceries for herself. He left all his career decisions up to his mother, and would listen to every unreasonable demand, even to the point of not holding my hand, because his mother told him so! â⬠Being in relationships that affect your mental well being and puts that much stress on your own peace of mind, is a toxic relationship. .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .postImageUrl , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:hover , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:visited , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:active { border:0!important; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:active , .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2 .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaef759583973eff2237fe33c937527a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Korean war Analysis EssayWhen alarm bells ring , and you are looking for way to get out , when you are sad and depressed for more days than when you are normal, run for the hills. But as it is with most things , it is easier said than done. Persis recalls, she almost called the wedding off, and she should have when his mother made him drive her around at the peak of the wedding preparations for inane and unimportant work. â⬠She was always threatened by me , and my family. At the wedding day itself his mother ran up to everyone asking how she looked and seeking attention, pretty much making a ridicule of herself. This behavior strained the relationship to breaking poi nt. anyone else would have said enough and walked away. To make the relationship have a semblance of functionality, she was committed to holding on and fought to make it work. Persis says ââ¬Å"Her jealousy finally blew me away when; he called of our valentineââ¬â¢s day plans to drop his mother off at a party. â⬠The death of that relationship was inevitable. The fights , the screaming and the absolute isolation even when you are with someone asks for nothing but a clean cut if possible. P. Madhavan who is in the process of gaining her double masters in counseling psychology says ââ¬Å"communication is the key to a successful marriage, I can tell someone in an abusive relationship to talk to her husband about what she is feeling, but will it work ? That depends from one relationship to the other; there is only so much that you can do to fix a relationship, there is nothing you can do to fix ââ¬Ësomeoneââ¬â¢. â⬠A psycho therapist and counselor in Muscat Mrs. A. Mali gives us insight into why this unhealthy relationship develops, ââ¬Å" Men who are fixated on their mothers, in some cases have a distressing childhood history, are raised by single mothers orà have parents with unhealthy/immature nurturing styles. To a great extent, the mother is responsible for fostering an emotionally codependent relationship with her son. â⬠As a practicing counselor she gives the person who suffers the most, a few words of wisdom ââ¬Å"the woman involved with a Mamas boy feels secondary, unimportant or even cheated. Working on any relationship conflicts takes patience and persistence. She can start with clearly and repeatedly expressing her discomfort with the situation. What can help is defining her own boundaries and set ground rules for the relationship with her man. â⬠To get in touch with Mrs. A. Mali , mail her at shrink. [emailprotected] com Personally I think there are ways to rectify relationships like Mrs. A. Mali has advised, but sometimes the only thing to do, is come to terms with reality and walk away. There is no shame in putting yourself first, it takes a great deal of strength and pride to love yourself and do whatââ¬â¢s best for you.
Sunday, March 15, 2020
Types of Bankruptcy
Types of Bankruptcy Introduction Bankruptcy refers to a federal court process in which repayment arrangements are made to allow an insolvent debtor to clear the outstanding debts. Bankruptcy is often declared when a company or an individual is so deep into debt that starting afresh is the only reasonable option. This paper compares and contrasts the five types of bankruptcy proceedings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Bankruptcy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different Types of Bankruptcy The first type of bankruptcy is referred to as liquidation. It can be accessed by individuals, matrimonial couples or business partners. The group or individual seeking to apply for this bankruptcy proceeding must first attend an interview conducted by an agent of a credit counseling agency. The agent is obliged to appear in court during the bankruptcy proceedings. Unlike the other types of bankruptcy, the applicant is delegated a trustee wh o is expected to oversee the selection of assets that are to be excluded from the bankruptcy. Apart from the assets selected for exemption, the remaining assets are to be sold, and the proceeds used to settle the outstanding debts. The second type of bankruptcy involves municipalities that want to adjust their debts. It is contained in chapter nine of the United States bankruptcy code. This type of bankruptcy is different from the rest because it only is suited for municipalities. Municipalities in this respect include towns, cities, school districts, and counties. The third type of bankruptcy applies to business corporations and is referred to as reorganization. Unlike in liquidation where a trustee is allocated, this type of bankruptcy allows the corporation to design its own restoration plans. These plans for reformation can comprise measures that try to restore the productivity of the company, consolidate debt and begin repayment. Unlike liquidation, the reorganization type of b ankruptcy does not seek to purge all arrears immediately. On the contrary, a suitable payment plan is formulated to enable the business to keep all or most of its essential assets while paying its debts. The strategy for reorganization is ultimately ratified or dismissed by the court. The fourth type of bankruptcy involves fishermen and family farmers who have access to regular sources of income. Unlike liquidation, the applicant does not lose any of his assets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The applicant is instead allowed to repay his debts out of his prospective earnings. A debt repayment plan is designed in a format that the applicant can observe. This bankruptcy is similar to the fifth type of bankruptcy since the debtor is allowed to design a plan for repayment in both cases. It is similar to liquidation with respect to the concept that a trustee is allocat ed to oversee the repayment. The fifth type of bankruptcy covers individuals who are not necessarily fishermen or farmers, but who must have regular sources of income. It resembles the previous type of bankruptcy since both types deal with people who have regular sources of income. However, unlike the previous, this type of bankruptcy is not restricted to specific professions. Like in liquidation, a credit counselor must be consulted. However, in this case, the work of the counselor is to establish the applicantââ¬â¢s ability to restructure his own debt payment plan. The fifth type of bankruptcy compares with the fourth and third since they all allow the applicants to retain their assets. Unlike liquidation, the insolvents do not acquire instantaneous absolution from debts. Conclusion There are five different types of bankruptcy outlined in the United States bankruptcy code. These types of bankruptcy apply to different individuals and companies and vary according to income, profe ssion and level of debt. It is advisable that each individual or organization examines the different bankruptcy types before settling on one.
Friday, February 28, 2020
Eastern European Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words
Eastern European Politics - Essay Example At a certain point in these transformations, the communist parties gave up their monopoly of power -- often removing a constitutional clause on that subject and admitting rival parties -- and submitted to competitive elections, which turned over power to their opposition. There were significant differences, for example, with regard to the abruptness or completeness of the change among the elites, ranging from the purge of the old elites in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the sliding-scale, power-sharing arrangements in many other postcommunist societies (Robert, 1985). As in Southern Europe and Latin America, the ruptura with the old regime transferred authority only with certain de facto limitations to the new elites. Whereas in the former areas, the army and both private and foreign big business often continued to wield powerful influence, in Eastern Europe it was more often the bureaucracy and large, state-owned firms and farms. In Russia, the entire military-industrial complex at first survived the meltdown of communist control. The new governments began to make inroads into the realms of state-owned and cooperative enterprises whose managers had somehow inherited command from the defunct state planning commissions at the center of their command economies. In many cases, this left the economy half in and half out of the range of authority of the new democratic governments (David, & Bruszt, 1998). There is no need to go into the complexities of the transfer in each country, except to stress the paramount role of particular elites -- political or nonpolitical -- along with the rebellious masses in the unraveling of the old and the consolidation of the new regimes. The masses effectively challenged the authority of even the last hard-line dictatorship. "We are the people" was the chant of the East German demonstrators in Leipzig and elsewhere as they confronted the claims of popular legitimation of their communist government (Samuel, 1991). Were the economic crises of the old regime or its dictatorial character at the roots of rebellion Most immediately, the latter, although the multiple failures of the communist economy played a significant role under the surface. Crucial to the final collapse of the old regimes were also the defeat of the repressive apparatus at home -- especially the secret police and other repressive forces such as the workers' combat groups in large factories -- and the end of the outside military threat, both of Soviet power to reformist regimes like that of Alexander Dubcek and of the Western military counterpressure that had for so long been the alibi of Soviet pressure on the satellites. Once Mikhail Gorbachev had renounced the Brezhnev doctrine of Warsaw Pact intervention against nonconforming communist regimes and, in fact, encouraged them to follow in his path of glasnost and perestroika, hard-liners in Czechoslovakia and East Germany were on their own, with predictable results (Joseph E., 1 994). The complex requirements of a working democratic system, of course, did not automatically fall into the laps of the aspiring peoples of Eastern Europe when communism fell. Far from it, each element had to be acquired separately, and, as of this moment, some are still missing, incomplete, or in
Tuesday, February 11, 2020
Balanced Score Card Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Balanced Score Card - Essay Example "The aspects that the scorecard contains should be quantifiable or measurable. This is because it would be difficult to interpret something that cannot be measured in the first place." (Metrics, Scorecard, KPI's Measure Tools 2008). It could be seen that although financial parameters are seen as measuring tool of performance, there are now other aspects also which are equally critical in terms of customers, employee satisfactions, innovative methods, quality, quantum of sales, etc. The fundamental truth behind the Balance Score Card is to ensure that " that no single measure can provide a clear performance target or focus attention on all the critical areas of business, they proposed the concept of a Balanced Scorecard as a more sophisticated approach for meeting these shortcomings." (Pienaar & Penzhorn, 2000, pp.202-209). Just as financial ineptitudes could bring down a company, in the present context it is seen that even fall in sales, loss of goodwill, quality issues, etc could spell disaster for the company. at cannot be measured in the first place.
Friday, January 31, 2020
Asian American Stereotypes Essay Example for Free
Asian American Stereotypes Essay Pertaining to Tracy Lais article titled, Asian American Women, Lai discusses how stereotypes dehumanize people while turning them into objects to be manipulated. Lai touches on the topic of how Asian people and cultures are stereotyped as being inferior and exotic. The problem that Lai brings to our attention is that it is a struggle to be an Asian in America due to the fact that Asians have been denied political, economic and social equality in America. Lai also brings to our attention the die hard myth that Asians have made it in America, which is far from the truth. I sense that Lais argument is extremely effective due to the fact that stereotypes are not only seen among Asians, they are also seen in many other cultures and genders. For instance, women for years were battling for womans equality to be able to vote, and today women are still battling for equality in political and economic areas. In addition, African Americans are still trying to be accepted into certain political roles throughout our society. Since Tracy Lai is a Asian in America I feel that her argument holds great validity due to the fact that Lai shared her own personal experiences. By reading Lais personal feelings, it allowed me to understand her beliefs to a greater extent because I was able to see where she was coming from. Certainly I agree with Lais views because I have noticed that Asians are depicted as being inferior. For example, if you have ever seen a movie or a television show that had an Asian character, nine times out of ten the Asian character is depicted as being mathematicians, naive, and speaks with broken English. I have also noticed that there are very few Asian politicians, as well as very few women politicians, within our culture. I do not know if this problem stems from Asian Americans not having a historical/authoritative figure like Dr. Martin Luther King representing African Americans, and Susan B. Anthony representing womans rights to vote. However, I do know that Asians do not receive the same types of opportunities as others because they have been stereotyped for so long as being inferior. In addition, I feel that the reason why Asians may be seen as inferior individuals is because they were one of the last cultures to start a movement for equality that was inspired by other ethnic cultures. Because of this somewhat late movement, our culture has not been able to adapt to this change, like our culture has not adapted to women being paid the same as men. Lai brought to my attention that Asians are claimed to value education more than other minorities and Asians are said to have special intellectual affinities for math and science. Lai proceeded to raise the point that this is a racist rationale because this is implying that other cultures are not able to succeed in this type of area. For instance, I can relate to this statement because African Americans are said to be dominate in athletics, and they are also believed to have a higher vertical leap than others. I was offended when I heard this because I received a scholarship to Sacramento State for high jumping, and I am not African American. This example just goes to show you that stereotypes do dehumanize people and turns them into something they are not. In retrospect, Asians and other cultures are being denied political, economic, and social equality which is not equitable to these people. I feel that by reading Lais article has made me realize that stereotyping has no boundaries, because it is occurring in many different cultures and it is effecting many different people.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
World War I and World War II :: Comparative
World War I and World II are basically the same, right? Well, one can also say they have nothing in common. The comparison of the two wars is conceivable, but it is thought-provoking because they are such widespread notions. This concept applies to Araby, written by James Joyce during WWI, and The Flash, written by Italo Calvino during WWII. In Araby, the protagonist falls in love with a girl, but love deceives him. In his moment of epiphany, ââ¬Å"[g]azing up into the darkness [he] saw [himself] as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and [his] eyes burned with anguish and angerâ⬠(Joyce 1). In The Flash, the protagonist suddenly grasps a reality and in his moment of epiphany ââ¬Å"[he] stopped, blinked: [He] understood nothing. Nothing, nothing about anything. [He] didnââ¬â¢t understand the reasons for things or for people, it was all senseless, absurdâ⬠(Calvino 1). Comparing the epiphanies of the two distinct short stories reveals a relationship betwee n their similarities and differences through theme, symbolism and setting. First and foremost, comparing the themes of both epiphanies reveal they can simultaneously be similar and different. An important common theme in both epiphanies is facing reality. In Araby, the protagonist realizes ââ¬Å"[his] stay was uselessâ⬠(Joyce 6) since the young lady only ââ¬Å"spok[e] to [him] out of a sense of dutyâ⬠(Joyce 6). Likewise, in The Flash, the protagonist realizes he ââ¬Å"accepted everything: traffic lights, cars, posters, uniforms, monuments, things completely detached from any sense of the world, accepted them as if there some necessity, some chain of cause and effect that bound them togetherâ⬠(Calvino 1). Both characters face the reality and randomness of the world. Even so, each epiphany implies each protagonist faces a different sort of reality. The protagonist of Araby faces the reality of love and ââ¬Å"[sees himself] as a creature driven and derived by vanityâ⬠(Joyce 6). On the other hand, the protagonist of The Fla sh faces the reality of existence and hopes ââ¬Å"[he] shall grasp that other knowledgeâ⬠(Calvino 2). Therefore, reviewing the theme similar to both epiphanies leads to discovering different themes as well. Conversely, looking at the differences in the symbolism of each epiphany hints at a comparable aspect of symbolism. The epiphany of Araby symbolizes the protagonist escaping into a dark world when he enters ââ¬Å"[t]he upper part of the hall [which] was now completely darkâ⬠(Joyce 6).
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Psychology and Impact Personality Development
1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality Is a unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave * Is shaped by biological, situational, and mental processes in a sociocultural and development context * Impacts peopleââ¬â¢s cognition, motivation and behaviour Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. Biological * A personââ¬â¢s temperament results from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from heart ââ¬â sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- choleric angry * Mel ancholer from spleen ââ¬â melancholy depressed * Phlegm from brain- phlegmatic sluggish Frontal lobes regulates oneââ¬â¢s basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine gland affect personality. * Kaganââ¬â¢s research on inherited basis of shyness on new borns * Excitable and inhibited infants became shy and introverted * Less excitable and bold infants became extraverted * ââ¬Å"push of nature in different directionsâ⬠Situational * Environment affects us through operant and classical conditioning * (1) Physical Environment It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living. * (2) Social Environment * The child has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social environment has an important say in the personality development of the child. * E. g. one would play with an outgoing chi ld more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * (3) Family Environment * Child comes in contact with his parents and other family member. His likes, dislikes, stereotypes about people, expectancies of security and emotional responses all are shaped in early childhood. The type of training and early childhood experiences play an important role in the development of personality. * Besides this, economic factors i. e. , economic condition of the family and the type of relations between the parents also influence the personality of the child. * (4) Cultural Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa caused by environment * Striking difference in the universal trait of shyness caused by how each culture dealt with the childââ¬â¢s success and failures. Who gets credit for good grades, gets blamed for not getting them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) School Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the parents. * The school poses new problems to be solved, new taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and identification Mental Processes * 3 kinds of process theories: * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- consciousness and our present, subjective reality: what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. Dispositional theories suggest temperaments, traits or types (set of personality characteristics) provide consistency to individualââ¬â¢s personality over time. Temperament * Biologically based personality dispositions * Apparent in early childhood, Establish foundation of personality & individualââ¬â¢s approach to life * Inherited temperament may set the range of your response to some life si tuation but it does not fully determine your life experiences * Affected also by family position, experiences, and sense of self * Usually refers to dominant long standing themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating oneââ¬â¢s basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by learning * Heredity and environment interact with initially inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. observational learning Traits * Emerge from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * Relatively stable * BIG 5 Traits * Openness to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism * Has validity across cultures (but most of these studies utilized university students as respondents who are more influenced by European-American vi ews * Quite accurate Labels a person but gives no explanation on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and static rather than a process that can undergo development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our complex nature XDo not tell much about their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING prophecy where ppl become influenced by the labels and it became hard for them to change the undesirable behaviour. E. g. a child labelled shy will have to struggle w both the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict behaviour Assessing traits * Using: * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to fake due to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not well represented in the samples used in developing the test * NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * Both have excellent reliability (consistent and stable scores) * Both have good validity (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects: tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * Finding personality type * Category that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI ââ¬â Myers-Briggs Type Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl donââ¬â¢t fall into different types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as a result of internal mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focus is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) difficult to prove * Personality is a function of 3 main themes: unconscious forces, childhood experiences, sex * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( overemphasis on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that malign and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * Unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and instinctive desires * pushes for immediate gratification * Ego * Governed by reality principle * Decision making component * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by morality and social standards (conscience) * An individualââ¬â¢s view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * Psychosexual stages * Ego defence mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety * Denial ââ¬â I donââ¬â¢t have a problem Rationalization- I cheat because everyone does it ââ¬â give socially accepted reasons for actions one think is socially unacceptable * Reaction formulation ââ¬â goodie goodie act in opposite of their desire- act exactly in opposition to their unconscious desires * Displacement- kick the dog- shifting your reaction from real source of distress to a safer individual or object * Regression- cry, throw things to reduce stress- regress to earlier developmental stage * Sublimation- channel negative to positive eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * Led to projective testing 2. Adler Struggle with sexual and hostile impulses not primary factor in personality development * Primary struggle: overcome inferiority feelings, develop superiority feelings in social relationships (later seen as unhealthy due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * All born with positive motive, social interest * Peopleââ¬â¢s lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, penis envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic anxiety gets out of control, people become neurotic (basic desires taken to extreme eg nee d for a partner) * Ways people deal with basic anxiety: * Move towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists: * Accepted notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not agree on sex and death instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego functions (ego defence,dev of self instead of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt role (culture, family instead of instinctive urges, unconscious conflicts) * Extended personality development to include lifespan (instead of only childhood) Projective testing: Diagnosis via a defense mechanism * Ambiguous pictures to probe peopleââ¬â¢s innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. Rorschach Inkblot Technique- not objective * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- ambiguous picture n tell story * Theme: aggression, sexual needs, rs Humanistic Perspective Main Theoretical tenants: 1) Humans have an innate drive for personal g rowth ) Humans have free will; not controlled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational; not controlled by unconscious forces 4) Oneââ¬â¢s subjective view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow ââ¬Ës needs hierarchy * Interested in healthy human psychology * Criticisms: Not testable, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogersââ¬â¢ Person-Centred Theory * Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * Difference may exist between a personââ¬â¢s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a personââ¬â¢s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The larger the discrepancies between the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * Development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. * As we prefer to see ourselves i n ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation: * Self centered picture of personality, looking through the lens of individualistic culture * But even in collectivism, self exists * Self-esteem, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users actually have high self esteem * Emphasis on positive achievements and pro-social behaviours * Fails to recognize its function in a world filled with evil of all kinds Social Cognitive theories: Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after watching othersââ¬â¢ behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour * Expectation of gaining reward drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the role model base on consequences of their actions * Reciprocal determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment mutually influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activity will reciprocally strengthen your interest in vb. Locus of control Rotterââ¬â¢s theory: our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * Good student, smart and have good grades internal in academic settings * External locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity external in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational information processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in foundation of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that often seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) Behavioural Operant and Classical conditioning ) In classical, the organism learns an association between two stimuli (the N S and UCS); in operant, the organism learns an association between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the stimulus (not voluntary, like a reflex); in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovââ¬â¢s classical conditioning * Chrissyââ¬â¢s sleepover case * B. F Skinnerââ¬â¢s Operant conditioning * Positive reinforcement & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * Punishment (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is determined by situations one is in (situationism) * People behave in ways to suit their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent enough to be traits because situations change * Solution: behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. Implicit personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplif y the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. May give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto others and assume heââ¬â¢s feeling the same way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. Help ppl sense a thread of consistency through their personalities over time e. Redemptive self: where one overcome obstacles to help others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture Psychology and Impact Personality Development 1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality Is a unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave * Is shaped by biological, situational, and mental processes in a sociocultural and development context * Impacts peopleââ¬â¢s cognition, motivation and behaviour Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. Biological * A personââ¬â¢s temperament results from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from heart ââ¬â sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- choleric angry * Mel ancholer from spleen ââ¬â melancholy depressed * Phlegm from brain- phlegmatic sluggish Frontal lobes regulates oneââ¬â¢s basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine gland affect personality. * Kaganââ¬â¢s research on inherited basis of shyness on new borns * Excitable and inhibited infants became shy and introverted * Less excitable and bold infants became extraverted * ââ¬Å"push of nature in different directionsâ⬠Situational * Environment affects us through operant and classical conditioning * (1) Physical Environment It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living. * (2) Social Environment * The child has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social environment has an important say in the personality development of the child. * E. g. one would play with an outgoing chi ld more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * (3) Family Environment * Child comes in contact with his parents and other family member. His likes, dislikes, stereotypes about people, expectancies of security and emotional responses all are shaped in early childhood. The type of training and early childhood experiences play an important role in the development of personality. * Besides this, economic factors i. e. , economic condition of the family and the type of relations between the parents also influence the personality of the child. * (4) Cultural Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa caused by environment * Striking difference in the universal trait of shyness caused by how each culture dealt with the childââ¬â¢s success and failures. Who gets credit for good grades, gets blamed for not getting them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) School Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the parents. * The school poses new problems to be solved, new taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and identification Mental Processes * 3 kinds of process theories: * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- consciousness and our present, subjective reality: what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. Dispositional theories suggest temperaments, traits or types (set of personality characteristics) provide consistency to individualââ¬â¢s personality over time. Temperament * Biologically based personality dispositions * Apparent in early childhood, Establish foundation of personality & individualââ¬â¢s approach to life * Inherited temperament may set the range of your response to some life si tuation but it does not fully determine your life experiences * Affected also by family position, experiences, and sense of self * Usually refers to dominant long standing themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating oneââ¬â¢s basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by learning * Heredity and environment interact with initially inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. observational learning Traits * Emerge from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * Relatively stable * BIG 5 Traits * Openness to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism * Has validity across cultures (but most of these studies utilized university students as respondents who are more influenced by European-American vi ews * Quite accurate Labels a person but gives no explanation on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and static rather than a process that can undergo development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our complex nature XDo not tell much about their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING prophecy where ppl become influenced by the labels and it became hard for them to change the undesirable behaviour. E. g. a child labelled shy will have to struggle w both the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict behaviour Assessing traits * Using: * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to fake due to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not well represented in the samples used in developing the test * NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * Both have excellent reliability (consistent and stable scores) * Both have good validity (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects: tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * Finding personality type * Category that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI ââ¬â Myers-Briggs Type Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl donââ¬â¢t fall into different types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as a result of internal mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focus is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) difficult to prove * Personality is a function of 3 main themes: unconscious forces, childhood experiences, sex * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( overemphasis on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that malign and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * Unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and instinctive desires * pushes for immediate gratification * Ego * Governed by reality principle * Decision making component * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by morality and social standards (conscience) * An individualââ¬â¢s view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * Psychosexual stages * Ego defence mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety * Denial ââ¬â I donââ¬â¢t have a problem Rationalization- I cheat because everyone does it ââ¬â give socially accepted reasons for actions one think is socially unacceptable * Reaction formulation ââ¬â goodie goodie act in opposite of their desire- act exactly in opposition to their unconscious desires * Displacement- kick the dog- shifting your reaction from real source of distress to a safer individual or object * Regression- cry, throw things to reduce stress- regress to earlier developmental stage * Sublimation- channel negative to positive eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * Led to projective testing 2. Adler Struggle with sexual and hostile impulses not primary factor in personality development * Primary struggle: overcome inferiority feelings, develop superiority feelings in social relationships (later seen as unhealthy due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * All born with positive motive, social interest * Peopleââ¬â¢s lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, penis envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic anxiety gets out of control, people become neurotic (basic desires taken to extreme eg nee d for a partner) * Ways people deal with basic anxiety: * Move towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists: * Accepted notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not agree on sex and death instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego functions (ego defence,dev of self instead of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt role (culture, family instead of instinctive urges, unconscious conflicts) * Extended personality development to include lifespan (instead of only childhood) Projective testing: Diagnosis via a defense mechanism * Ambiguous pictures to probe peopleââ¬â¢s innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. Rorschach Inkblot Technique- not objective * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- ambiguous picture n tell story * Theme: aggression, sexual needs, rs Humanistic Perspective Main Theoretical tenants: 1) Humans have an innate drive for personal g rowth ) Humans have free will; not controlled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational; not controlled by unconscious forces 4) Oneââ¬â¢s subjective view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow ââ¬Ës needs hierarchy * Interested in healthy human psychology * Criticisms: Not testable, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogersââ¬â¢ Person-Centred Theory * Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * Difference may exist between a personââ¬â¢s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a personââ¬â¢s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The larger the discrepancies between the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * Development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. * As we prefer to see ourselves i n ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation: * Self centered picture of personality, looking through the lens of individualistic culture * But even in collectivism, self exists * Self-esteem, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users actually have high self esteem * Emphasis on positive achievements and pro-social behaviours * Fails to recognize its function in a world filled with evil of all kinds Social Cognitive theories: Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after watching othersââ¬â¢ behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour * Expectation of gaining reward drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the role model base on consequences of their actions * Reciprocal determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment mutually influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activity will reciprocally strengthen your interest in vb. Locus of control Rotterââ¬â¢s theory: our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * Good student, smart and have good grades internal in academic settings * External locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity external in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational information processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in foundation of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that often seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) Behavioural Operant and Classical conditioning ) In classical, the organism learns an association between two stimuli (the N S and UCS); in operant, the organism learns an association between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the stimulus (not voluntary, like a reflex); in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovââ¬â¢s classical conditioning * Chrissyââ¬â¢s sleepover case * B. F Skinnerââ¬â¢s Operant conditioning * Positive reinforcement & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * Punishment (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is determined by situations one is in (situationism) * People behave in ways to suit their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent enough to be traits because situations change * Solution: behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. Implicit personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplif y the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. May give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto others and assume heââ¬â¢s feeling the same way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. Help ppl sense a thread of consistency through their personalities over time e. Redemptive self: where one overcome obstacles to help others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture
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